This paper works on the effect of temperature on a hybrid energy storage with different energy management systems. The hybrid energy storage system consists of a fuel cell, ultracapacitor and Battery with DC/DC and DC/AC converters. The energy management strategies employed are the state machine control strategy, fuzzy frequency/logic decoupling strategy, minimization strategy of equivalent consumption (ECMS) and external energy maximization strategy (EEMS). Initially, a module of 3. 3v 2. 3Ah LiPo4 batteries consisting of 15 cells in series and 15 rows in parallel are studied without considering the temperature effect. In the next step, the studies are repeated considering the temperature variation effects. The current and SOC associated with the Battery, the hydrogen consumption, and Battery life are studied for each strategy. The results suggest that the errors associated with the Battery life estimation, as well as the Battery current are significant with and without considering the temperature effects with the values of 30% and 20%, respectively.

In this paper, we optimize the arrangement of cells in a Lithium-ion Battery pack using an air-cooling thermal management system under operating conditions in transportation applications. The thermal and electrochemical behavior of Battery cells is modeled using the quasi-two-dimensional approach by Newman’s method. The effects of inter-cellular distance on the maximum temperature, and on the temperature distribution in the pack as the target variables are thoroughly investigated. A suitable range for the above distances are then determined in order to reduce the overall cooling power and the expected thermal performance of the pack. According to this study, by reducing the distance between the batteries, the temperature of the cells decreases. However, this reduction in the distance also reduces the Battery pack's temperature uniformity and cooling efficiency. The results of the temperature distribution are investigated, analyzed, and discussed. Finally, by examining the effect of the number of pack cells on the cooling efficiency, it is shown that increasing the number of cells initially increases the cooling efficiency; however, after a certain limit, it leads to a decrease in the cooling efficiency.

One of the most useable parts and, in fact, the heart of a Hybrid vehicle is its Lithium Bromide Battery. In these batteries, a large quantity of heat is generated, and if this heat is not managed properly, the useful cycle life of the Battery will be reduced progressively. Thus, the vital issue of these batteries is their cooling. Since the Phase Change Material (PCM) absorbs a great deal of energy due to its Latent heat capacity during its melting process, PCM can wonderfully be effective for quick and great heat dissipations. Hence, in this paper, it is tried to investigate the simultaneous effects of the application of PCM and fins on the cooling process of these hybrid batteries; in other words, it is tried to present the optimum fin sizes to minimize the Battery temperature rise during its recharge process. The results indicate that 6-fin batteries show the highest performance when the fin length is 11. 67mm.

The advancement and commercialization of electric vehicles due to their advantages have increased research in this field. Lithium-ion batteries are among the most important components of electric vehicles, and their performance is affected by temperature. In this study, fluid dynamics and heat transfer in a cooling system for Battery cells were investigated using three-dimensional solid-fluid simulations. The thermophysical properties of the cooling fluid were considered variable with temperature and implemented using a user-defined function (UDF). Numerical simulation can effectively predict the thermal behavior of Battery cells during discharge and match experimental data. This study examined the impact of different flow patterns and solid block contact surfaces on the maximum surface temperature and temperature distribution uniformity. The results show that the structure of incremental blocks can affect the temperature distribution of Battery cells, such that in parallel flow, the maximum temperature of cells near the inlet increases by 0.65°C, and cells near the outlet decreases by 0.2°C. In contrast, in counter-flow, the maximum temperature of side cells is higher by 0.25°C. Additionally, the study shows the impact of increased contact surface on system weight, indicating a significant weight reduction of about 28.5% in solid blocks with increased contact surface. This research demonstrates the potential of using numerical simulations to improve the design of thermal management systems in Battery cells.

Electric vehicles will become an inevitable part of future transportation, because of the increasing concerns of global warming and climate change effects, caused by gasoline and diesel vehicles. Lithium-ion cells are the primary candidates for energy storage in electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells are sensitive to operating temperatures. Operating them beyond the optimum temperatures, reduces their lifetime and can lead to thermal runaway, at extreme conditions. Hence, a thermal management system is required. In this work, a simple ‘On-Off’ control is used and the upper and lower thresholds are optimized, to reduce the energy consumption and the temperature difference between the cells. 3 coolant flow rates are selected and are analyzed for each upper and lower threshold. A MATLAB Simulink model and spreadsheet are used for analysis. The models are validated by experiments. It is found that a control strategy of $'32^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C'$, with a coolant flow rate of 0.67 kg $s^{-1}$, among the selected strategies, is better in reducing energy consumption and temperature difference. Running the cells at relatively higher temperatures, within the optimum range, helps in reducing energy consumption and temperature difference.

The purpose of this research work is the supply of the electricity required by renewable energies. A photovoltaic (PV) cell is used is a type of crystal silicon PV cell. The software used in this work is Homer. It is capable of simulating renewable energies to monitor the demand for loads. Electricity is generated by the PV cells and the electricity produced is direct current, while the energy required alternates after a voltage converter is used for conversion. The storage will be used at times when no electricity is produced by the PV cell or the production of electricity is higher than demand. In this work, a Battery is considered as a storage unit. The important results obtained from this work can be attributed to the production of 15339 kW electricity by the PV cell.